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Can the Same Governor Run Again

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Overview almost the term limits in the United States

In the United States, term limits, too referred to as rotation in office, restrict the number of terms of role an officer may serve. At the federal level, the 22nd Amendment to the Usa Constitution limits the president of the U.s.a. to 2 four-year terms. Country government offices in some, just not all states, are term-limited, including for executive, legislative, and judicial office.

Historical groundwork [edit]

The Constitution [edit]

Term limits tin can date dorsum to the American Revolution, and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity. The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually, as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta. The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates—tribunes of the plebs, aediles, quaestors, praetors, and consuls —who served a single term of one twelvemonth, with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for 10 years (see cursus honorum). According to historian Garrett Fagan, role holding in the Roman Republic was based on "limited tenure of office" which ensured that "authority circulated frequently", helping to prevent abuse. An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the "most experienced" politicians to the upper echelons of power-property in the ancient republic.[1] Many of the founders of the United states of america were educated in the classics, and quite familiar with rotation in the office during antiquity. The debates of that day reveal a desire to written report and profit from the object lessons offered by aboriginal democracy.[ citation needed ]

Prior to independence, several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms by setting terms at i yr's length and belongings "that no person be called Governor above in one case in ii years."[2] Shortly subsequently independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 ready maximum service in the Pennsylvania Full general Associates at "four years in 7".[3] Benjamin Franklin's influence is seen not but in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, merely too because it included, about unchanged, Franklin's earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years, followed by a mandatory holiday of iv years.[four]

The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress, mandating in Article V that "no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than than three years in any term of 6 years."[5]

On Oct two, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a commission of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of united states of america. Amid the proposals was that from the State of Virginia, written by Thomas Jefferson, urging a limitation of tenure, "to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing likewise long in part the members of the Continental Congress".[half-dozen] The commission made recommendations, which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation (1781–89). The fifth Article stated that "no person shall be capable of beingness a delegate [to the continental congress] for more than three years in any term of six years".[a]

Term limits in the Constitution [edit]

In dissimilarity to the Manufactures of Confederation, the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the U.S. Constitution of 1789. At the convention, some delegates spoke passionately against term limits such every bit Rufus King, who said "that he who has proved himself to exist most fit for an Office, ought not to exist excluded by the constitution from property information technology."[seven] The Balloter Higher, it was believed past some[ who? ] delegates at the convention, could have a office to play in limiting unfit officers from standing.

When united states of america ratified the Constitution (1787–88), several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure every bit a dangerous defect, peculiarly, they idea, equally regards the presidency and the Senate. Richard Henry Lee viewed the absenteeism of legal limits to tenure, together with certain other features of the Constitution, as "near highly and dangerously oligarchic".[8] Both Jefferson[nine] and George Bricklayer[10] advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency, because said Stonemason, "nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation". The historian Mercy Otis Warren, warned that "at that place is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to forestall the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life; which by a little well-timed bribery, volition probably be done".[11]

Afterward 1789 [edit]

Korzi (2013) says George Washington did not ready the informal precedent for a 2-term limit for the Presidency. He only meant he was too worn out to personally continue in office.[12] It was Thomas Jefferson who fabricated it a principle in 1808. He made many statements calling for term limits in one form or another.[b]

The tradition was challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880,[xiii] and past Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.[14] Otherwise no major effort to avoid information technology took place until 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt explicitly broke it.[xv] The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in constabulary the two-term limit—although information technology did non apply to the incumbent Harry Truman.

The fact that "perpetuity in function" was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in role as a popular 19th-century concept. "Ideas are, in truth, forces", and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support, especially at the local level, that information technology altered political reality.[16] [c]

During the Civil War, the Constitution of the Confederate States limited its president to a unmarried six-twelvemonth term.

Era of incumbency [edit]

The practice of nomination rotation for the Firm of Representatives began to turn down after the Civil War. Information technology took a generation or so earlier the straight master organization, civil service reforms, and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office equally a common political practice. By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing.[ commendation needed ]

A total of 8 presidents served two total terms and declined a tertiary and iii presidents served 1 total term and refused a second. Later World War II, all the same, an officeholder course had developed to the signal that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court, where tenure is for life.[ citation needed ]

Term limits movement [edit]

A motion in favor of term limits took hold in the early on 1990s, and reached its apex in 1992-94, a catamenia when 17 states enacted term limits through state legislation or country constitutional amendments.[17]

Many of the laws enacted limited terms for both the state legislature and in the land's delegation to Congress; as they pertain to Congress, these laws were struck down as unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Courtroom in U.Due south. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995), in which the court ruled, on a v–4 vote, that country governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national regime.[17] [eighteen]

Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood courtroom challenges, term limits proceed to garner popular support. As of 2002, the advocacy group "U.S. Term Limits" constitute that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation, public back up for term limits ranged from lx to 78 percent.[xix]

Federal term limits [edit]

Part Term limits
President Express to being elected to a total of 2 iv-twelvemonth terms. A President past succession who completes more than than two years of a erstwhile President's unfinished term may exist elected in their own right just in one case, and two more four-year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less. Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times, for example, if they are Vice President and the President dies, resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction.[xx]
Vice President Unlimited four-yr terms
House of Representatives Unlimited two-year terms
Senate Unlimited vi-year terms
Supreme Courtroom No term limits, appointed to serve "during good behavior"[21] (but can be impeached and removed from function for "high Crimes and Misdemeanors"); in practise a Justice serves until expiry, resignation, or retirement.

As of 2013, term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive co-operative and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are fabricated for life, and are not subject to election or to term limits. The U.South. Congress remains (since the Thornton decision of 1995) without electoral limits.

President [edit]

"Four more years" redirects hither. For the documentary, see Four More Years.

George Washington'southward decision in 1796 not to run for a third term has often been given credit every bit the start of a tradition that no president should ever run for a tertiary term.[22] Washington wanted to retire when his first term ended in 1792 but all his advisors begged him to correspond reelection. By 1796 he insisted on retiring, for he felt exhausted, and was disgusted with the virulent personal attacks on his integrity. His Farewell Address very briefly mentioned why he would non run for a third term, and goes on to requite a smashing deal of political advice, but information technology does not mention term limits. Later on his decease, his refusal to run was explained in terms of a "no-3rd-tradition". Crockett (2008) argues, "The argument for term limits has a solid and respectable pedigree. Contrary to pop belief, however, that full-blooded does not brainstorm with George Washington."[23] The 2nd President, John Adams, lost re-election in 1800 to Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson himself declined re-election to a third term, attributing the precedent to Washington.[24]

In the 1780s, about half us provided term limits for governors.[25] The Constitutional convention of 1787 discussed the issue and decided not to plant presidential term limits. "The matter was adequately discussed in the Convention," Washington wrote in 1788, "and to my full convictions ... I can come across no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of whatever man, who on some great emergency shall be deemed universally, well-nigh capable of serving the Public", even after serving two terms. The Constitution, Washington explained, retained sufficient checks against political corruption and stagnant leadership without a presidential term limits provision.[26] Jefferson, still, strongly endorsed a policy of term limits. He rejected calls from supporters that he run for a third term in 1808, telling several land legislatures in 1807-1808 that he needed to support "the sound precedent set by [his] illustrious predecessor."[24]

A political cartoon showing Washington rejecting Theodore Roosevelt's highly controversial run for a third term in 1912

In 1861, the Confederate States of America adopted a half dozen-yr term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election. That innovation was endorsed past many American politicians afterwards the Civil State of war, most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address. Ulysses Grant was urged to run for a 3rd term in 1876, but he refused. He did try to win the 1880 nomination, but was defeated in part because of popular anti-3rd-term sentiment.[27] Theodore Roosevelt had already served over seven years and in 1912, after a iv-year hiatus, ran for a tertiary term. He was violently criticized and was almost killed by John Flammang Schrank for doing then.[28] The 1912 ballot was ultimately won past Woodrow Wilson.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) was the simply president to exist elected more than than twice, having won a third term in 1940 and a quaternary term in 1944 (though he died in office 3 months into his fourth term). This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by alteration the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that "no person shall exist elected to the function of President more than than twice". The new Subpoena explicitly did not apply to the incumbent president, Harry S. Truman. However, Truman declined to seek re-election to a third term in 1952.[29]

Congress [edit]

Alphabetic character from Senator Orrin Hatch, start elected in 1976, expressing reservations regarding term limits (dated February 10, 2011)

Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and plebiscite to put congressional term limits on the election in 24 states. Voters in 8 of these states canonical the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one.[30] It was an open question whether states had the constitutional say-so to enact these limits. In May 1995, the U.Southward. Supreme Courtroom ruled 5–4 in U.Southward. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995), that states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators.

In the 1994 elections, role of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress. Later on winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a constitutional subpoena to the House flooring that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six-year terms and members of the House to half dozen two-yr terms.[31] Still, this charge per unit of rotation was so slow (the life-tenured Supreme Courtroom averages about sixteen years) that the congressional version of term-limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits, including U.S. Term Limits, the largest individual organization pushing for congressional term limits.[d] The pecker got only a bare bulk (227–204), falling short of the two-thirds majority (290) needed for constitutional amendments.[32] Three other term limit subpoena bills failed to get more than 200 votes.[due east]

Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Courtroom, the federal term limit movement was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures (every bit distinguished from the federal congressional delegations) remain in forcefulness, however, in 15 states.[33] [34]

In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the country level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level besides. He specifically put along the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment, since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and prefer whatsoever amendment that limits its own power.

Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits. It is confirmed that in the following v states—and there may be others—state lawmakers approved resolutions request Congress to suggest a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:

  1. South Dakota Legislature (designated as POM-42 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1989, Southward Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 (encounter Congressional Record of Apr 4, 1989, at pages 5395 and 5396, with verbatim text provided);
  2. Hawaii Senate (designated equally Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1990, Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41—unicameral but (see Congressional Record of September 28, 1998, at page 22655) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Tape and to exist correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary—and even and so, its text was not provided in the Congressional Tape); dorsum in 1990, Hawaii'due south Southward.R. No. 41 was indeed received past the U.South. Business firm of Representatives, and was designated every bit Memorial 416, (Congressional Record of June 6, 1990, at pages xiii,262 and 13,263) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Free energy and Commerce—and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Tape;
  3. Utah Legislature (designated as POM-644 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1990, Utah Senate Articulation Resolution No. 24 (see Congressional Record of September 27, 1994, at folio 26033, with verbatim text provided) information technology took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.Due south. Senate's portion of the Congressional Tape;
  4. Idaho Legislature (designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives) canonical in 1992, Idaho Senate Articulation Memorial No. 116 (see Congressional Record of April 29, 1992, at folio 9804—text NOT provided in the Congressional Record); and
  5. Florida Legislature (designated as POM-122 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 2012, Florida House Memorial No. 83 (see Congressional Record of July 25, 2012, at folio S5378, with verbatim text provided). Taking matters a scrap further, on February 10, 2016, Florida lawmakers canonical Business firm Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress, pursuant to Article Five of the Federal Constitution, to assemble a Convention to prepare a ramble subpoena that would establish term limits upon members of Congress.

Supreme Court [edit]

Legal scholars have discussed whether or non to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the Usa. Currently, Supreme Courtroom Justices are appointed for life "during proficient behavior". A sentiment has developed, among sure scholars, that the Supreme Court may non be accountable in a way that is about in line with the spirit of checks and balances.[35] Equally, scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a mod context.[36] Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore have immune Justices to serve for longer than ever earlier.[35] [36] Steven G. Calebresi and James Lindgren, professors of law at Northwestern University, argued that because vacancies in the courtroom are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average 26.1 years between 1971 and 2006, the "efficacy of the autonomous check that the appointment process provides on the Courtroom'southward membership" is reduced.[35] At that place have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation's highest court, including Professor of Law at Duke University Paul Carrington'south "Supreme Court Renewal Human activity of 2005".[37]

Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years to 25 years in length. (Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia, suggested between 15 and 18 years).[35] [36] [37] [38] The staggered term limits of 18 years proposed by Calebresi & Lindgren (2006) and Carrington & Cramton (2005) would allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years, which in upshot would allow every president at to the lowest degree two appointments.[36] Carrington has argued that such a measure would not crave a ramble amendment as the "Constitution doesn't even mention life tenure; it merely requires that justices serve during 'proficient behaviour' ".[36] The idea was endorsed among Judges, every bit John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Courtroom as Chief Justice. Calebresi, Lingren, and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed xviii-year term they should be able to sit down on other Federal Courts until retirement, death, or removal.[35] [36]

Fairleigh Dickinson Academy's PublicMind Poll measured American voters' attitudes towards diverse proposed Supreme Court reforms, including implementing term limits. The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years, as 82% reported they had heard lilliputian or nothing at all.[39] Notwithstanding a lack of awareness, 52% of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years, while 35% disapproved.[39] When asked how erstwhile is as well old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he seems healthy, 48% said "no limit every bit long equally he is salubrious", while 31% agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old.[39]

Some land lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices equally well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level. While in that location might be others, beneath are three known examples:

  1. In 1957, the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the bailiwick (actualization in the U.Due south. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3, 1957, at page 10863, with full text provided);
  2. In 1978, the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the discipline (designated as POM-612 past the U.Due south. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25, 1978, at page 11437); and
  3. In 1998, the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted Firm Resolution No. 120 on the subject (designated as POM-511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17, 1998, at page 16076).

State term limits [edit]

Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, both authored by William Penn, provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council—the upper house of the colonial legislature.[forty] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a unmarried three-year term; currently, the governor of Delaware tin can serve two four-year terms.

Gubernatorial term limits [edit]

U.S. gubernatorial term limits every bit of 2014

Governors of 36 states[41] and four territories are field of study to diverse term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico, and the Mayor of Washington, D.C., may serve an unlimited number of terms. Each country's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its country constitution, with the exception of Wyoming, whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed past its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and past statute in American Samoa.

Uniquely, Virginia prohibits its governors from serving sequent terms, although former governors are eligible to serve once more as governor afterwards a specified period (currently, four years) out of office. Several other states formerly had this "no succession" rule (which was role of Virginia's original constitution in 1776), just all have eliminated the prohibition except Virginia by 2000 (including Mississippi, which repealed it in 1986, and Kentucky, which repealed information technology in 1992).[42]

The governors of the following states and territories are express to 2 sequent terms, but are eligible to run again subsequently four years out of office: Alabama,[43] Alaska,[44] Arizona,[45] Colorado,[46] Florida,[47] Georgia,[48] Hawaii,[49] Kansas,[50] Kentucky,[51] Louisiana,[52] Maine,[53] Maryland,[54] Nebraska,[55] New Bailiwick of jersey,[56] New Mexico,[57] Due north Carolina,[58] Ohio,[59] Pennsylvania,[60] Rhode Island,[61] South Carolina,[62] Southward Dakota,[63] Tennessee,[64] West Virginia,[65] American Samoa,[66] Guam,[67] and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[68]

Equivalently, the Governors of Indiana[69] and Oregon[70] are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years. Conversely, the Governors of Montana[71] and Wyoming[72] are express to two terms, serving eight out of any 16 years.

Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are express to two terms for life during a person's lifetime flow: Arkansas,[73] California,[74] Delaware,[75] Michigan,[76] Mississippi,[77] Missouri,[78] Nevada,[79] the Northern Mariana Islands,[eighty] and Oklahoma.[81] Former Governor of California Jerry Brown, however, served 4 not-consecutive terms because his first ii terms were before limits were passed in California, and the limits did not apply to individuals' prior terms.

The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited 2-year terms. The governors (or equivalent) in the following states, district, and territory may serve unlimited four-twelvemonth terms: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Commune of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Governor of Utah was previously limited to serving 3 terms, but all term limit laws take since been repealed by the legislature.

State legislatures with term limits [edit]

Fifteen country legislatures currently have term limits.[82] The earliest state legislative term limit was enacted in 1990, and the most recent was enacted in 2000; term limits only went into effect years after they were enacted.[82]

  • Arizona Legislature: four consecutive 2-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on full number of terms.
  • Arkansas General Assembly: 12 consecutive years with the option to return after a four year break. The lifetime limit of sixteen years total in either the Business firm or the Senate was repealed by referendum in 2020. (Prior to the 2022 ballot, the previous limits of three 2-year terms for House members (six years) and ii four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) applied).
  • California State Legislature: twelve years full in either Assembly or Senate. (For legislators start elected on or earlier June 5, 2012, the previous limits (enacted in 1990) of three two-year terms for Assembly members (vi years) and 2 four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) apply).
  • Colorado Full general Assembly: 4 sequent two-yr terms in the Firm (8 years) and 2 consecutive four-year terms in the Senate (8 years). One-time members can run again after a four twelvemonth suspension.
  • Florida Legislature: may serve no more than than eight sequent years in either house. No limit on total number of terms.
  • Illinois Senate: Senate Presidents and Minority Leaders may not serve for more than x years.[83]
  • Louisiana State Legislature: three consecutive four-yr terms for both houses (twelve years). Members may run for the contrary body without having to sit down out an election.
  • Maine Legislature: four two-year terms for both houses (8 years). No limit on full number of terms
  • Michigan Legislature: three two-year terms for House members (half dozen years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
  • Missouri Full general Assembly: iv 2-year terms for Firm members (viii years) and two 4-yr terms for Senate members (eight years). Members may be elected again to the other house, but non serve more than than xvi years.
  • Montana State Legislature: iv two-year terms for House members (viii years) in whatever xvi-year menses and two four-year terms for Senate members (viii years) in any 16-year menses.
  • Nebraska Legislature: unicameral legislature; members express to ii consecutive iv-yr terms (eight years), afterward which they must wait four years before running again.[84]
  • Nevada Legislature: six 2-year terms for Assembly members (twelve years) and 3 4-year terms for Senate members (twelve years).
  • Ohio General Assembly: 4 sequent two-year terms for House members (eight years) and ii consecutive four-yr terms for Senate members (8 years).
  • Oklahoma Legislature: Twelve years of total combined service in either the House or the Senate. If a legislator's first term is the event of a special ballot, that service does non count toward the limit.[85]
  • South Dakota Legislature: 4 sequent two-year terms for both houses (viii years).

Overturned or repealed country legislative term limits [edit]

Legislative term limits have been repealed or overturned in six states. Term limits for state legislatures were adopted by Idaho and Utah in 1994, simply repealed by their corresponding legislatures in 2002 (Idaho) and 2003 (Utah).[82] Term limits adopted in 4 states were struck down every bit unconstitutional by the state supreme courts in those states: in Massachusetts, Washington and Wyoming, the court ruled that term limits could not be enacted by statute, and could only exist enacted by an amendment to the country constitution; the Oregon Supreme Courtroom ruled that the Oregon initiative establishing term limits violated the single-subject rule.[82]

Municipal term limits [edit]

Some localities impose term limits for local part. Among the 20 most populous U.S. cities:

  • At that place are no term limits in Baltimore, Maryland; Charlotte, N Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; Columbus, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Fort Worth, Texas and Indianapolis, Indiana.[86]
  • Term limits of equal length are applied to both mayors and city quango members in Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio in Texas; Jacksonville, Florida; Memphis, Tennessee; New York City; and San Diego, San Francisco, and San Jose in California.[86]
  • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has term limits for the mayor, but not the urban center quango.[86] The mayor may serve two sequent terms only there is no limit on the total number of terms.
  • Los Angeles, California and Phoenix, Arizona have term limits for both the mayor and city council, but the term limits for the mayor are stricter than the term limits for the quango.[86]

A two-term limit was imposed on New York City Quango members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York Metropolis afterwards a 1993 referendum (meet the Charter of the City of New York, § 1138). On November 3, 2008, however, when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor, the City Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a iii-term limit; one year later, he was elected to a 3rd term. The two-term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010.[87] [88]

Impact [edit]

Research shows that legislative term limits increase legislative polarization,[89] reduce the legislative skills of politicians,[90] [91] [92] reduce the legislative productivity of politicians,[93] weaken legislatures vis-à-vis the executive,[94] and reduce voter turnout.[95] Parties respond to the implementation of term limits past recruiting candidates for office on more partisan lines.[96] States that implement term limits in the land legislatures are associated with likewise developing more powerful House speakers.[97]

Term limits have not reduced entrada spending,[98] reduced the gender gap in political representation,[99] increased the diversity of law-makers,[100] or increased the constituent service activities of constabulary-makers.[101] Term limits have been linked to lower growth in revenues and expenditures.[102]

See as well [edit]

  • Widow'southward succession
  • Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
  • List of political term limits
  • Political form
  • Second Ramble Convention of the United States

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Commodity Nine, paragraph v, of the Articles of Confederation provided that, "no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than than one year in any term of four years."
  2. ^ See Family Guardian, "Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Authorities".
  3. ^ For a detailed written report of the 19th-century concepts of rotation, consult Struble Jr (1979–1980, p. 650). Run across also Struble Jr (2010); Young (1966).
  4. ^ U.S. Term Limits wanted Business firm members to exist limited to three two-year terms.[ citation needed ]
  5. ^ The four constitutional amendments on term limits which the Business firm rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored by: Democrat John Dingell [12/12 retroactive], rejected 135–297; Republican Bob Inglis [6/12, not retroactive], rejected 114–316; Republican Van Hilleary [12/12, unretroactive, but defers to more stringent state imposed limits], rejected 164–265; Republican Bill McCollum [12/12 not retroactive and would override more stringent land limits]; approved by less than the requisite two/iii, 227–204; on February 12, 1997 Congress did as well by a margin of 217–211 [50.seven%].

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Fagan, Garrett K. (2003) [1999]. The History of Ancient Rome (DVD). The Keen Courses. The Didactics Company. ...Role-holding at Rome was based on 2 important concepts: collegiality and express tenure of office...
  2. ^ "Key Orders of Connecticut". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Law Schoolhouse Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved ane May 2015.
  3. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; department eight". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. 18 December 1998.
  4. ^ "Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28, 1776; section 19". avalon.law.yale.edu. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Police Library. xviii December 1998. On Franklin's plan of 1775, see Smyth, Albert Henry, ed. (1907). The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. six. New York: Macmillan. page 423, commodity 9.
  5. ^ "Articles of Confederation: March 1, 1781". The Avalon Projection. Yale Police Schoolhouse Lillian Goldman Police Library. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  6. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 1, p. 411
  7. ^ Crane, Edward H.; Pilon, Roger, eds. (1994). The Politics and Police of Term Limits. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. p. 62. ISBN9781882577132.
  8. ^ Ballagh (1911, Letter to Edmund Randolph dated 16 October 1787: vol 2, pp. 450-455). Meet also Ballagh (1911, Letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776: vol. i, p.191); Bennett, Walter H., ed. (1978). Messages from the Federal Farmer to the Republican. University of Alabama Press. pp. 72–75, 86.
  9. ^ Boyd 1950, vol. 12 p. 440; vol. 13 p. 490. See also Boyd 1950, vol. 15 p. 25 for Jefferson'southward definition of rotation in role.
  10. ^ Eliot, Jonathan, ed. (1836). The Debates in the Several Country Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Role. p. 485.
  11. ^ Otis Warren, Mercy (1981). "Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions 9". In Staring, Herbert J. (ed.). The Complete Anti-Federalist. Vol. 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 270–278.
  12. ^ Korzi 2013, pp. 43–44.
  13. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 71–116.
  14. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 144–222.
  15. ^ Stein 1943, pp. 317–340.
  16. ^ (Struble Jr 1979–1980, p.650, footnote vi). The quotation is from Henry James, the biographer.
  17. ^ a b John M. Carey, Richard K. Niemi & Lynda W. Powell, Term Limits in Land Legislatures (Academy of Michigan Press: 2009), pp. 1-2.
  18. ^ U.South. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995).
  19. ^ Rumenap, Stacie (August 2002). "Career Politicians Never Did Like Term Limits". No Uncertain Terms. Vol. ten, no. 7. pp. ii–3.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Bailey, Harry A. (1972). "Presidential Tenure and the Two-Term Tradition". Publius. 2 (ii): 95–106. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038259. JSTOR 3329550.
  • Ballagh, James C., ed. (1911). The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. Vol. Two volumes. New York: Macmillan.
  • Boyd, Julian F., ed. (1950). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Academy Press.
  • Crockett, David A. (2008). "An Backlog of Refinement: Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 38 (four): 707–721. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02673.x.
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2009). "Irresolute Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History". White House Studies. 8 (3): 357–379.
  • Korzi, Michael J. (2013). Presidential Term Limits in American History: Power, Principles, and Politics. Texas A&K University Publishing. ISBN9781603449915.
  • Stein, Charles W. (1943). The Third-Term Tradition: Its Rise and Plummet in American Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (Winter 1979–1980). "House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-ten-11.
  • Struble Jr, Robert (2010). "Rotation in Function, and other democratic reforms". Treatise on Twelve Lights. Archived from the original on 2016-04-xi.
  • Immature, James Southward. (1966). The Washington Community, 1800–1828 . New York: Columbia Academy Press.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Kousser, T. (2004). Term Limits and the Dismantling of Land Legislative Professionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • O'Keefe, Eric (2008). "Term Limits". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 504–06. doi:x.4135/9781412965811.n308. ISBN978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
  • Peabody, Bruce One thousand. (2001). "George Washington, presidential term limits, and the problem of reluctant political leadership". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 31 (3): 439–453. doi:ten.1111/j.0360-4918.2001.00180.x.
  • Sigel, Roberta Due south.; Butler, David J. (1964). "The Public and the No Tertiary Term Tradition: Research into Attitudes Toward Power". Midwest Journal of Political Science. 8 (1): 39–54. doi:10.2307/2108652. JSTOR 2108652.
  • Stathis, Stephen Westward. (1990). "The Twenty-2d Amendment: A practical remedy or partisan maneuver". Constitutional Commentary. vii: 61.

External links [edit]

  • National Briefing of State Legislatures term limits summary
  • Give-and-take on Term Limits

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States

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